Abstract Currently, packaging is one of the most significant marketing tools because beyond protecting and making the product functional, it becomes a psychological-sensory attraction on perceptual consumer process, which is the reason of food industry analyzes the influence in order to improve its development and management. The investigation aims to determine the effect that packaging has on the sensory taste perceptions of Centennials consumers, a quasi-experimental design is applied, where the same dark chocolate is wrapped in different styles of packaging and then it is delivered to several experimental groups. Their responses are statistically analyzed through ANOVA, Chi Square test and Spearman's correlation tests. As result, the packaging has an effect on the sensory taste perceptions of the Centennials. This effect is a different taste perception of premium packaging chocolate wrapped which is tested like more pleasant than standard packaging chocolate wrapped.

Resumen Actualmente el packaging es una de las herramientas más significativas del marketing, pues más allá de proteger y hacer funcional al producto, se constituye como un atractivo psicológico-sensorial que interviene directamente en al proceso perceptual del consumidor, por lo que cada vez más la industria alimentaria se encuentra analizando su influencia para mejorar su desarrollo y gestión. La investigación tiene como fin determinar el efecto que tiene el packaging en las percepciones sensoriales gustativas de consumidores Centennials, se aplica un diseño cuasi experimental, en donde, se entrega un mismo chocolate negro envuelto en distintos estilos de packaging a varios grupos experimentales y sus respuestas se analizan estadísticamente a través de pruebas ANOVA, Chi Cuadrado y correlación de Spearman, estableciendo como resultado que el packaging tiene efecto en las percepciones sensoriales gustativas de los Centennials, siendo más agradable la percepción gustativa del chocolate envuelto en packaging premium que el envuelto en packaging estándar.

Resumen Introducción: entre los múltiples procesos responsables de la resistencia antimicrobiana, el uso inadecuado de los antibióticos y la automedicación son problemas alarmantes en salud pública. Para la contención de la resistencia a los antibióticos y la ampliación del mal uso, es importante identificar las diferencias sociales, culturales y económicas asociadas al problema. Objetivo: determinar el porcentaje de uso de antibióticos sin prescripción médica en niños menores de cinco años, con síntomas de infección del tracto respiratorio superior de acuerdo las características socioeconómicas de sus familias en Ecuador. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un diseño transversal utilizando un cuestionario estructurado para evaluar a madres pertenecientes a estratos sociales medio y bajo, quienes asistieron con sus hijos menores de cinco años a unidades urbanas y rurales de atención primaria de salud. Se obtuvo desde febrero a abril de 2011, una muestra de 947 individuos que dieron su consentimiento informado. Se hizo un análisis descriptivo mediante el uso de frecuencias, porcentajes, medias, desviación estándar y chi cuadrado. Para el procesamiento de la información cuantitativa se utilizó SPSS versión 17. Resultados: los estratos socioeconómicos más bajos usaron antibióticos sin prescripción médica para tratar síntomas de infecciones respiratorias del tracto respiratorio superior de sus hijos en un mayor porcentaje (35,57%), comparado con los del estrato económico medio (27,7%, p <0.01). Las madres con educación universitaria tuvieron más conocimiento sobre medidas para la prevención de la resistencia bacteriana (57,14%) que aquellas con solamente educación primaria (13,59% p<0,05). Conclusiones: el uso de antibióticos en niños menores de 5 años con síntomas de infección respiratoria alta es elevado, principalmente en aquellos participantes pertenecientes al estrato socioeconómico bajo, quienes viven en su mayoría en el área rural. MÉD.UIs. 2017;30(2):21-7.

AbstrAct background: among the many processes responsible for antimicrobial resistance, inappropriate antibiotic use and self-medication are major public health concerns. To tackle antibiotic resistance and its widespread misuse, is important to identify the social, cultural, and economic differences associated with the problem. Objective: to determine the percentage of antibiotics used without medical prescription in children under five years old with symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection according to their families’ socioeconomic characteristics in Ecuador. Materials and Methods: a cross-sectional design was set, using a structured questionnaire to assess mothers who attended urban and rural primary health care units with their children under five years old and belonged to the middle or lower social strata. A sample of 947 individuals was obtained from February to April 2011. Informed consent was acquired from those willing and eligible participants. The descriptive analysis used frequencies, percentages, means, standard deviation and chi-square. Quantitative information was processed using SPSS version 17. Results: those from lower socioeconomic strata used antibiotics to treat symptoms of upper respiratory infections of their children without medical prescription in a higher percentage (35.57%) than middle socioeconomic strata (27.7%, p<0.01). Mothers who had university level education had more knowledge about measures to prevent antibiotic resistance (57.14%) than those with only a primary school education (13.59% p<0.05). Conclusion: antibiotic use in children under five years old with symptoms of upper respiratory infection is high, mainly among those study participants corresponding to lower socioeconomic strata who mostly live in the rural area. MÉD.UIs. 2017;30(2):21-7.

Introdução: O acidente vascular cerebral secundário à fibrilação atrial tem sido associado a taxas de mortalidade e de incapacidade permanente elevadas, porquanto sua prevenção eficaz é importante. O tratamento com varfarina diminui em 60% o risco de acidente vascular cerebral; todavia, até metade dos pacientes com fibrilação atrial não faz uso da anticoagulação. A oclusão do apêndice atrial esquerdo surgiu como estratégia alternativa para prevenção do acidente vascular cerebral. Métodos: Foram selecionados pacientes com fibrilação atrial, escore de CHA2DS2-VASc ≥ 2, não elegíveis para anticoagulação, para se submeterem ao fechamento percutâneo do apêndice atrial esquerdo com a prótese Watchman®. O procedimento foi realizado sob anestesia geral e guiado por ecocardiografia transesofágica. Resultados: Dos 11 pacientes selecionados, 2 não foram tratados por apresentarem trombo pré ou durante o procedimento, antes do implante do dispositivo. A idade foi de 74 ± 5,1 anos, 66,6% eram do sexo masculino, com escores CHA2DS2-VASc de 4 ± 1,4 e HAS-BLED de 3,4 ± 1,1, 77% tinham contraindicação ou condições sociais desfavoráveis para utilizarem a anticoagulação. O sucesso técnico foi de 100%, sendo alcançada a oclusão completa em todos os casos, com tempo médio de fluoroscopia de 22,1 ± 10,8 minutos e ausência de complicações hospitalares. No seguimento de 78,3 ± 41,5 dias, não ocorreram desfechos clínicos, mas um paciente apresentou trombo no dispositivo e recebeu anticoagulação por 3 meses. Conclusões: A oclusão percutânea do apêndice atrial esquerdo com dispositivo Watchman® é factível e pode ser uma alternativa atrativa na prevenção de acidente vascular cerebral nos pacientes com fibrilação atrial e limitação para anticoagulação.

Background: Stroke secondary to atrial fibrillation has been associated to a high risk of permanent, severe disability, and high early mortality, and therefore its effective prevention is of paramount importance. Warfarin therapy reduces the risk of stroke by 60%, however, half of the patients with atrial fibrillation do not receive anticoagulation. Left atrial appendage closure has emerged as an alternative strategy for stroke prevention. Methods: Patients with atrial fibrillation and CHADSVASc score ≥ 2, not eligible for anticoagulation, were submitted to left atrial appendage closure using the WatchmanTM device. The procedure was performed under general anesthesia and was guided by transesophageal echocardiography. Results: Of the 11 selected patients, 2 were not treated due to thrombi presented prior or during the procedure and before device implantation. Mean age was 74 ± 5.1 years, 66% were male, CHA2DS2-VASc score was 4 ± 1.4, HASBLED score was 3.4 ± 1.1, 77% had contraindications or had unfavorable social conditions for anticoagulation. Technical success was 100% and complete occlusion was obtained in all of the cases, with a mean fluoroscopic time of 22.1 ± 10.8 minutes, and no hospital complications. At a follow-up of 78.3 ± 41.5 days, there were no clinical events but one patient had thrombus formation on the device and received anticoagulation for 3 months. Conclusions: Left atrial appendage closure with the WatchmanTM device is feasible and may be a good alternative therapy for stroke prevention in patients with atrial fibrillation and restrictions for anticoagulation.

INTRODUÇÃO: Refinamentos da intervenção coronária percutânea (ICP), entre eles a utilização do ultrassom intravascular (IVUS) e da reserva de fluxo fraccionada (FFR), têm permitido o tratamento de lesões complexas com bons resultados. Como consequência, a abordagem percutânea das lesões de TCE se difundiu, incluindo hospitais de menor volume de procedimentos. Nosso objetivo foi apresentar os resultados iniciais e tardios da ICP de lesões de TCE não protegido. MÉTODOS: Foram incluídos pacientes consecutivos tratados em dois centros hospitalares, de agosto do 2009 a julho do 2013. A indicação da estratégia percutânea baseou-se em avaliação clínica, cálculo do escore Syntax, EuroScore e no desejo do paciente. RESULTADOS: Foram tratados 28 pacientes, com idade de 69,2 ± 10,1 anos, 39% eram diabéticos e 39% eram portadores síndrome coronária aguda. Metade dos pacientes tinha EuroScore ≥ 6; o escore Syntax foi de 26,0 ± 8,4 e 82% tinham lesões localizadas na bifurcação. As intervenções foram guiadas por IVUS e/ou FFR em 71,4% dos pacientes, 93% foram tratados com stents farmacológicos, predominantemente pela técnica de 1 stent, e o sucesso angiográfico foi alcançado em 100% dos casos. O acompanhamento foi de 19,2 ± 13,7 meses. A taxa de desfechos clínicos maiores foi de 21,4% no seguimento maior a 4 anos, óbito cardíaco de 14,2%, infarto do miocárdio não fatal de 3,5%, e revascularização da lesão-alvo em 3,5%. CONCLUSÕES: A ICP de TCE não protegido guiada, sempre que possível, por IVUS e/ou FFR é segura e eficaz no curto e longo prazos, na experiência em um hospital com moderado volume de procedimentos.

BACKGROUND: Refinements in percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), including the use of intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) and fractional flow reserve (FFR), have allowed the treatment of complex lesions with good results. As a result, the percutaneous approach for left main coronary artery (LM) lesions has spread, including centers with a lower volume of PCI procedures. Our objective was to report the early and late outcomes of PCI in unprotected LM lesions. METHODS: Consecutive patients treated at two different hospitals from August 2009 to July 2013 were included. The indication for the percutaneous approach was based on the clinical assessment and the calculation of Syntax score, EuroScore and on the patient's wishes. RESULTS: Twenty-eight patients with mean age of 69.2 ± 10.1 years were treated, 39% were diabetic and 39% had acute coronary syndromes. Half of the patients had EuroScore ≥ 6; the Syntax score was 26.0 ± 8.4 and 82% had LM bifurcation lesions. Interventions were guided by IVUS and/or FFR in 71.4% of the patients, 93% were treated with drug-eluting stents, and the 1-stent technique was used in most occasions. Angiographic success was achieved in 100% of the cases. At the 19.2 ± 13.7 month follow-up, the rate of major adverse cardiac events was 21.4% in the follow-up longer than 4 years, cardiac death 14.2%, non-fatal myocardial infarction 3.5% and target-lesion revascularization 3.5%. CONCLUSIONS: PCI in unprotected LM lesions, guided by IVUS and/or FFR whenever possible, is safe and effective in the short and long-term, in the experience of a hospital with a moderate number of PCI procedures.

Introduction: the strategy of Integrated Management of Childhood Illnesses (IMCI) developed by the World health Organization and the UNICEF is aimed at reducing infant mortality and at promoting the rational use of antibiotics. Objective: to evaluate the performance of the above-mentioned strategy for children with acute respiratory infections in Ecuador, in terms of diagnosis and treatment, particularly antibiotic therapy. Methods: the medical histories of patients aged two months to five-years old, who had been diagnosed with ARI and treated at 2 primary health care centers in urban or rural areas in the period of July 2010 through June 2011, were checked. Data about the characteristics of the patients, the diagnosis and the treatment followed were retrospectively collected. Results: in both primary health centers and in most of the medical records, information about the lines of treatment and administration of antibiotics was missing. Data collected on 1 063 patients revealed that over-prescription of antibiotics occurred more frequently in health centers located in rural areas (6.5 %). Conclusion: future research should focus on identifying the causes of failure in the IMCI implementation. The inaccessibility to health centers may be an example of associated causes, especially in rural areas. The contextualization of the IMCI strategy may be needed to improve child health, to promote the rational use of antibiotics and to reduce the spread of antimicrobial resistance.

Introducción: la estrategia de Atención Integral de Enfermedades Prevalentes de la Infancia desarrollada por la Organización Mundial de la Salud y la UNICEF, puede reducir la mortalidad infantil y estimular el uso racional de antibióticos. Objetivo: valorar el cumplimiento de la mencionada estrategia en términos de diagnóstico y tratamiento, en especial el tratamiento con antibióticos, en niños con infección respiratoria aguda en el Ecuador. Métodos: se revisaron las historias clínicas de pacientes que tenían entre dos meses y cinco años de edad, que habían sido atendidos en dos centros de atención primaria de salud en zonas urbanas y rurales, donde los niños reciben atención médica gratuita, entre julio de 2010 y Junio de 2011. Se recolectaron retrospectivamente los datos sobre las características del paciente, diagnóstico y tratamiento. Resultados: en ambos centros de salud y en la mayoría de las historias clínicas se constató la falta de información sobre el tratamiento y la administración de los antibióticos. Se recopilaron los datos de 1 063 pacientes, que revelaron que la prescripción excesiva de antibióticos se produjo con mayor frecuencia (6,50 %) en los centros de atención rural. Conclusiones: hay incumplimiento parcial en la aplicación de la estrategia y es importante en investigaciones futuras profundizar en sus causas. La inaccesibilidad a los servicios de salud podría ser una causa asociada, especialmente en las zonas rurales. La contextualización de la estrategia puede ser necesaria para mejorar la salud infantil, promover el uso racional de los antibióticos y reducir la diseminación de resistencias antimicrobianas.

Introduction: the strategy of Integrated Management of Childhood Illnesses (IMCI) developed by the World health Organization and the UNICEF is aimed at reducing infant mortality and at promoting the rational use of antibiotics. Objective: to evaluate the performance of the above-mentioned strategy for children with acute respiratory infections in Ecuador, in terms of diagnosis and treatment, particularly antibiotic therapy. Methods: the medical histories of patients aged two months to five-years old, who had been diagnosed with ARI and treated at 2 primary health care centers in urban or rural areas in the period of July 2010 through June 2011, were checked. Data about the characteristics of the patients, the diagnosis and the treatment followed were retrospectively collected. Results: in both primary health centers and in most of the medical records, information about the lines of treatment and administration of antibiotics was missing. Data collected on 1 063 patients revealed that over-prescription of antibiotics occurred more frequently in health centers located in rural areas (6.5 %). Conclusion: future research should focus on identifying the causes of failure in the IMCI implementation. The inaccessibility to health centers may be an example of associated causes, especially in rural areas. The contextualization of the IMCI strategy may be needed to improve child health, to promote the rational use of antibiotics and to reduce the spread of antimicrobial resistance.

Introducción: la estrategia de Atención Integral de Enfermedades Prevalentes de la Infancia desarrollada por la Organización Mundial de la Salud y la UNICEF, puede reducir la mortalidad infantil y estimular el uso racional de antibióticos. Objetivo: valorar el cumplimiento de la mencionada estrategia en términos de diagnóstico y tratamiento, en especial el tratamiento con antibióticos, en niños con infección respiratoria aguda en el Ecuador. Métodos: se revisaron las historias clínicas de pacientes que tenían entre dos meses y cinco años de edad, que habían sido atendidos en dos centros de atención primaria de salud en zonas urbanas y rurales, donde los niños reciben atención médica gratuita, entre julio de 2010 y Junio de 2011. Se recolectaron retrospectivamente los datos sobre las características del paciente, diagnóstico y tratamiento. Resultados: en ambos centros de salud y en la mayoría de las historias clínicas se constató la falta de información sobre el tratamiento y la administración de los antibióticos. Se recopilaron los datos de 1 063 pacientes, que revelaron que la prescripción excesiva de antibióticos se produjo con mayor frecuencia (6,50 %) en los centros de atención rural. Conclusiones: hay incumplimiento parcial en la aplicación de la estrategia y es importante en investigaciones futuras profundizar en sus causas. La inaccesibilidad a los servicios de salud podría ser una causa asociada, especialmente en las zonas rurales. La contextualización de la estrategia puede ser necesaria para mejorar la salud infantil, promover el uso racional de los antibióticos y reducir la diseminación de resistencias antimicrobianas.

O uso do ultrassom intracoronário (USIC) para guiar o implante do stent em bifurcações, especialmente na detecção de complicações relacionadas ao procedimento, tem diminuído as taxas de desfechos clínicos maiores. Neste artigo, reportamos o caso de um paciente submetido a intervenção em bifurcação, em que o fio-guia ultrapassou inadvertidamente por trás das hastes proximais do stent, levando à deformação de sua borda. A complicação foi suspeitada na angiografia e confirmada com o USIC. O USIC foi fundamental no diagnóstico, na confirmação do reposicionamento correto do fio-guia, e na avaliação da ótima expansão e da aposição completa das hastes do stent, prevenindo possível desfecho trombótico precoce e garantindo o resultado a longo prazo.

The use of intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) to guide stent implantation in bifurcation lesions, especially for the detection of procedure-related complications, has decreased the rates of major clinical outcomes. We report a case of a patient undergoing bifurcation intervention, where the guidewire inadvertently was passed behind the proximal stent struts, deforming the stent edge. This complication was suspected at the angiography and was confirmed by IVUS. IVUS was crucial for the diagnosis, to confirm the correct repositioning of the guidewire, and to assess the optimal expansion and complete apposition of stent struts, thus preventing a possible early thrombotic event and ensuring a good long-term outcome.

OBJECTIVE: To collect baseline data on infectious diseases and antibiotic use in two Andean indigenous communities in Ecuador in order to determine the feasibility and acceptability of applying an ecosystem approach to address associated problems. METHODS: In visits to 65 households with children under age 5 years, environmental risk factors for infectious diseases were evaluated through rapid assessment. Caregivers' knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to antibiotic use were determined through a knowledge, practices, and coverage survey; antibiotic use was gleaned from inspection of medicine chests; and overall health of the 91 children (including nutritional status) was assessed. A workshop was held to share results and to craft a multicomponent intervention using an ecohealth framework. RESULTS: Numerous environmental risk factors were identified, especially related to water and sanitation. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices revealed use of traditional and Western medicines and serious knowledge gaps. Antibiotics were present in 60.9% of households in Correuco and 46.8% in La Posta; malnutrition rates were 22.2% in Correuco and 26.1% in La Posta; diarrheic episodes were experienced in the previous month by 26.7% of children in Correuco and 47.8% in La Posta, with antibiotics prescribed in 50.0% and 47.1% of cases, respectively; and acute respiratory infections were incurred by 28.9% of children in Correuco and 47.8% in La Posta, with antibiotics prescribed in 53.8% and 50.0% of cases, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Environmental, social, and cultural factors must be addressed to prevent antibiotic resistance in addition to training health personnel. An ecosystem approach is well-suited for this goal.

OBJETIVO: Recopilar datos iniciales sobre las enfermedades infecciosas y el uso de antibióticos en dos comunidades indígenas andinas del Ecuador, con el objeto de determinar la factibilidad y la aceptabilidad de aplicar un enfoque ecosistémico para abordar los problemas asociados. MÉTODOS: Mediante visitas a 65 hogares con niños menores de 5 años, se valoraron los factores de riesgo ambientales de las enfermedades infecciosas mediante una evaluación rápida. Se identificaron los conocimientos, las actitudes y las prácticas de los cuidadores relacionados con el uso de antibióticos por medio de una encuesta de conocimientos, prácticas y cobertura; el uso de antibióticos se dedujo a partir de la inspección de los botiquines; y se evaluó el estado general de salud de los 91 niños (incluido su estado de nutrición). Se organizó un taller para transmitir los resultados y para diseñar una intervención de múltiples componentes basada en un marco ecosistémico de la salud. RESULTADOS: Se encontraron numerosos factores de riesgo ambientales, especialmente los relacionados con el agua y el saneamiento. El análisis del conocimiento, las actitudes y las prácticas reveló el uso de medicamentos tradicionales y occidentales, y profundas brechas de conocimiento. Había antibióticos en 60,9% de los hogares de Correuco y en 46,8% de La Posta; las tasas de desnutrición eran de 22,2% en Correuco y de 26,1% en La Posta; el mes anterior a la encuesta 26,7% de los niños de Correuco y 47,8% de los niños de La Posta habían tenido episodios de diarrea, con prescripción de antibióticos en 50,0% y 47,1% de los casos, respectivamente; y 28,9% de los niños de Correuco y 47,8% de los niños de La Posta habían tenido infecciones respiratorias agudas, con prescripción de antibióticos en 53,8% y 50,0% de los casos, respectivamente. CONCLUSIONES: Deben abordarse los factores ambientales, sociales y culturales para prevenir la resistencia a los antibióticos, además de capacitar al personal de salud. Un enfoque ecosistémico es adecuado para alcanzar esta meta.

A incidência de diabetes mellitus tem aumentado continuamente nos últimos anos. Os pacientes acometidos por esta enfermidade crônica têm maior risco de desenvolver doença aterosclerótica coronária. Infelizmente, devido ao freqüente envolvimento difuso de múltiplos vasos, a intervenção percutânea, quer seja com cateter-balão ou com stent não farmacológico, tem sido associada a pior prognóstico quando comparada à cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica neste grupo de pacientes. Recentemente, a introdução dos stents farmacológicos renovou o entusiasmo para o tratamento percutâneo de pacientes com lesões mais complexas. Neste artigo, reportamos um caso de uma paciente de 63 anos, portadora de diabetes em uso de insulina, tratada percutaneamente com nove stents farmacológicos (TaxusTM, Boston Scientific).

The incidence of diabetes mellitus has continuously risen over recent years. Patients with this chronic condition have a higher risk of developing coronary artery disease. Unfortunately, due to the frequent diffuse involvement of multiple vessels, the long term outcomes after percutaneous intervention, whether by balloon catheter or bare-metal stent, has always been poor and frequently inferior to cardiac surgery for this subset of patients. Recently, the introduction of drug-eluting stents (DES) has brought new hope to treat patients with more complex diseases percutaneously. In this paper we report a successful percutaneous approach of a 63-year-old insulin dependent diabetic patient treated with nine DES (TaxusTM, Boston Scientific).

We are moving away from the year 2000, and the goal of "health for all" remains distant. Economic globalization, which many consider to be one of the most serious threats to health, moves ahead, along with globalization of international health policies. A small number of powerful actors are in charge of setting the agenda, and they relegate to an inferior position the World Health Organization, which has moved away from the goal of "health for all." All of this has helped to promote a neoliberal mentality in the field of health. The People's Health Movement was created with the objective of reestablishing the right to comprehensive health and to development with equity as principal priorities of health policies at the local, national, and international levels. The People's Health Movement uses as a strategy the People's Charter for Health, which was approved at the first People's Health Assembly, which was held in Bangladesh in 2000. The Charter expresses collective concerns and the belief in a better and healthier world as a meeting point in order to promote a world health movement and a call for radical action. In July 2005 the People's Health Movement will hold the People's Health Assembly 2, in the city of Cuenca, Ecuador. The slogan of that meeting will be "The voices of the earth are calling!-let's build a healthy world." Among the topics that will be examined at the meeting are: health as a fundamental human right; militarization and occupation; environmental degradation; emerging and reemerging pandemics; equity, poverty, and health; the importance of cultural diversity; social and political violence; health in the hands of the people; health at work; traditional medicine and bioenergetic medicine; gender; and health sector reform. The objective of the People's Health Movement is to help to reach the Millennium Development Goals and to smooth the path toward attaining health for all, in Latin America and the Caribbean as well as in the rest of the world.